Editor's note: In recent years, competition in the 5G field has been fierce. But what kind of process is 5G deployment and application? How long does it take for people to use 5G technology? Recently, CB Insights published a report on how to develop the next generation connection under 5G based on the background of wireless technology. The report pointed out that although the early deployment of 5G has already begun in 2018, it may take ten years for extensive implementation and application. The article is compiled by 36æ°ª, hoping to bring you inspiration.
In the past decade, 4G wireless technology has become the standard for many mobile users in the world.
From social media platforms such as Snap and Instagram to transportation applications such as Uber and Lyft, many companies have benefited from the reliable connectivity and speed offered by today's 4G systems.
While 4G technology paves the way for new media for mobile consumption, it does have limitations. In the next decade, the rise of IoT devices will require networks to transmit data in near real time.
The next generation of wireless technology, also known as 5G, will provide support.
Early deployment of 5G has begun in 2018, but widespread implementation may take up to ten years.
Despite this, companies are paying more and more attention to this technology: According to CB Insights, “5G†was mentioned more than 900 times in the first quarter of the 2018 earnings conference call, an increase of 70% over the fourth quarter of 2017. .
Companies such as Nokia, Qualcomm, Ericsson, Broadcom and Verizon are discussing the impact of 5G and developing deployment plans for technology and services.
Based on the research on the background of wireless technology, we analyze how the next generation connection under 5G drive will develop.
First, the history of wireless technology systems
Wireless communications have been around for more than a century, but it was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that they became a commercially viable consumer service.
The first generation of wireless technology systems (1G) emerged with the advent of mobile phones. These devices and networks allow mobile voice calls, but that's it.
The second generation (2G) provided improvements to voice calls and introduced text messages (and later media messages sent via MMS), which ultimately helped the phone to be widely adopted in the early 2000s.
The subsequent iteration of 2G introduced data transmission, but it was not until the emergence of 3G in 1998 that media-rich applications such as mobile Internet browsing and video calling became possible. The latest 3G technology is capable of delivering data transfer speeds of up to 4 Mbps.
The latest generation of wireless technology, known by consumers as 4G (now 4G LTE), can reach speeds of 10-20 Mbps, depending on the carrier. This makes mobile online games, live HDTVs, group video conferences, connected home solutions, and even emerging experiences such as AR/VR possible.
For most consumers, the speed of 4G has been able to meet most of their needs. But for industries such as transportation or healthcare, latency (delay before data transmission) can directly affect system outcomes.
For example, 5G will be able to enable near-instantaneous communication between autonomous vehicles, which can prevent fatal accidents.
5G will have a very large impact on these mission-critical systems, while also providing the necessary infrastructure for future connectivity technologies.
What is 5G?
5G is the next generation (also the fifth generation) wireless technology system. It will provide faster speeds than previous generation wireless technologies, equivalent to the speed of transmission over fiber.
Early testing of the technology showed that the actual speed was 700-3025 Mbps (3.025 Gbps), and consumers could experience this once the 5G went on the market. It takes a few minutes to download a movie with 4G, and it takes only a few seconds to download it with 5G.
While mobile phones and mobile devices are the most obvious use cases for 5G, there are many Other applications for this technology.
With the development of the industry, the Internet of Things (IoT) will benefit from the speed and bandwidth provided by 5G: Gartner estimates that by 2020, there will be 20.4 million IoT units installed, and expenses related to the Internet of Things. It will reach nearly 3 trillion US dollars.
Autopilot cars, robots for surgery, and critical infrastructure monitoring are just a few of the potential applications for 5G to support the Internet of Things.
But the road to 5G is not simple.
Below, we will point out the four main drivers for the widespread adoption of 5G systems and highlight how they will contribute to the deployment and use of 5G systems.
Four drivers for paving 5G
Laying fiber
Although both are sometimes considered to be competing technologies, fiber-optic networks and wireless networks often work together.
Most of the time, the data is transmitted over the cable, and the wireless antenna is usually responsible for the last few miles of transmission.
In this way, the fiber can be used as the nervous system of the mobile network. Connecting the data center to a cellular antenna (cell tower or cell phone) with fiber optics will bring the 5G real-time speed closer to expectations.
Fiber infrastructure is currently common, and existing 4G systems are also using fiber, but more fiber infrastructure is needed to support a wide range of 5G applications. By 2019, investment in fiber infrastructure is expected to reach nearly $150 billion.
Wireless service providers are using different strategies to extend their 5G networks. For example, Verizon wants to have its own fiber backhaul (underlying connectivity infrastructure).
The company worked with professional glass manufacturer Corning and fiber supplier Prysmian to design and install 5G fiber optic cables. To date, Verizon has purchased 37 million miles of fiber to support its growing network of small cell base stations.
On the other hand, T-Mobile leases "dark fiber" (unused or underutilized fiber) to support the deployment of its 5G network. Although the company may not own the fiber, it can provide 5G services faster because most of the leased backhaul has been installed.
T-Mobile plans to build 5G in 30 cities in 2018, and Verizon only plans to extend the 5G small cell base station to four cities. These vendors may offer 5G services to certain cities by the end of the year, but most of these deployments will be operational in 2019 and 2020.
Most of these 5G deployments may support urban centers before expanding into rural areas. However, areas that have penetrated fiber – urban or rural – may be candidates for early 5G deployments.
The huge impact of small cell base stations
Most of today's wireless data is transmitted through large cell base stations, which are often referred to as cellular towers. They provide the foundation for wireless connectivity and serve thousands of mobile users within a 40-mile radius.
While large cell base stations are the foundation for good service in the telecommunications industry, they are difficult to deploy and maintain. The cost of regulatory approval, construction, power supply and maintenance makes traditional large cell base stations a burden for wireless connectivity.
Small cell base stations are increasingly contributing to wireless connectivity and will support current and future wireless systems. Although they serve fewer mobile users, installation and maintenance is easier. They are also cheaper and more energy efficient than large cell base stations, and regulatory approvals are simpler.
Small cell base stations communicate wirelessly with large cell base stations, other small cell base stations, and individual mobile devices. Some small cell base stations are directly connected to the fiber, and other small cell base stations support the wireless network to improve wireless coverage.
In rural areas, small cell base stations can help to expand signal coverage; in densely populated areas, they can enhance signal capabilities.
Some of the latest small cell base stations have been hidden. In Los Angeles, small cell base stations have been deployed as part of smart streetlights to enhance 4G networks.
In deploying these small cell base stations, Los Angeles also installed some of the necessary infrastructure needed for future 5G networks.
5G can only perform short-distance, barrier-free data transmission. Subsequently, a large number of small cell base stations will be required to serve a single large cell base station-sized area - although small cell base stations will provide faster speeds.
T-Mobile has installed 15,000 small cell base stations and plans to deploy 25,000 more in the near future. This will support the company's launch of 5G services in 30 cities including Los Angeles, New York and Dallas.
In addition to the successful deployment of small cell base stations, a series of "complications" must be considered.
Wireless operators are beginning to realize that small cell base stations will have to comply with a number of new regulations and meet some of the local residents' needs for popularizing new technologies.
Sprint recently paid a $11.6 million fine for failing to obtain a proper license. AT&T was postponed because of some "unnecessary confusion" caused by the design of some small cell base stations, and the city of Santa Rosa, California, suspended Verizon's deployment for similar reasons.
The deployment of small cell base stations is still in its early stages. In other words, many operators will provide the first 5G services in 2019. Mobile users should expect major operators to offer 5G services in the largest cities in the United States in the early 2020s.
More spectrum, faster
In addition to the deployment of fiber infrastructure and small cell base stations, 5G requires extremely high frequency radio waves. These frequencies require a visual connection within a small radius for successful communication.
In other words, the growing demand for wireless coverage, speed and consumption requires the use of new frequency bands within the radio spectrum. The frequency band is a specific frequency range on the radio wave spectrum. Their frequencies range from very low (3 - 30 kHz) to very high (30 - 300 GHz).
In different environments, AM radios use the mid-band (300 kHz - 3 MHz) and utilize a specific frequency between 500 and 1700 kHz (or 1.7 MHz).
On the other hand, WiFi and Bluetooth use ultra-high frequency bands (330 MHz - 3 GHz), utilizing specific frequencies of 2.4 GHz. Mobile devices are designed for Wi-Fi communication on 2.4 and 5 GHz frequencies.
Although higher frequencies allow for faster data transfer, they cannot pass through certain structures. For example, satellite TV typically uses frequencies between 13-18 GHz, but it requires a visual connection to prevent interference. Heavy rain or trees can affect the quality of communication.
For most 5G networks, ultra-high (3-30ghz) and very high (30-300ghz) bands will be used to achieve the Gbps speed promised by wireless carriers. Frequencies between 24 and 86 GHz will be particularly popular.
In a recent spectrum auction, wireless operators spent approximately $45 billion to secure and extend certain radio wave frequencies for current 4G networks. The 5G spectrum auction is scheduled to begin in November 2018, when US wireless carriers will bid for spectrum in the 24 GHz and 28 GHz bands.
Verizon already has a license for the 28 GHz band, which was acquired through the acquisition of XO Communications.
Some spectrum will be allocated for shared access. By using the Spectrum Access System (SAS), operators can dynamically access shared frequencies based on availability. This will allow operators to adjust the bandwidth up and down based on network requirements.
These higher frequencies are fully shared or authorized and will require small cell base stations to be arranged in such a way that they maintain a line of sight connection between mobile users or other small cell base stations. While a large number of small cell base stations will help maintain 5G coverage, another wireless configuration called "fixed wireless" will help provide wireless coverage indoors.
Fixed wireless brings 5G indoors
Although the 5G's high frequency requires a visual connection, "fixed wireless" will allow cellular coverage within buildings and homes.
Fixed wireless antennas are placed on top of houses and buildings to communicate with nearby small cell base stations or large cell base towers. While these fixed wireless antennas must maintain a visual connection to nearby small cell base stations, they can extend cellular coverage into homes and buildings.
These antennas can be connected via fiber optics to internal picocell or femtocell base stations for relaying wireless coverage to a small number of mobile users indoors. Wireless signals can also be converted to traditional Wi-Fi using specially designed modems and routers.
The ability to convert cellular signals to Wi-Fi may enable wireless carriers to compete with traditional ISPs such as Comcast and TImeWarner.
Verizon, which already provides Internet access for homes and businesses, plans to offer fixed 5G wireless services in 3-5 cities this year. These services will provide an alternative to Internet access via fiber optic transmission while maintaining considerable speed.
The company is working with Samsung to develop a fixed wireless 5G router that will convert wireless 5G signals and achieve Wi-Fi compatibility.
While Verizon plans to offer fixed 5G wireless access before providing mobile 5G services, the infrastructure will help support both media.
So far, Verizon is one of the few companies to target this fixed wireless access opportunity, indicating that it plans to offer 1 Gbps to 30 million US homes. AT&T has tested its own fixed wireless technology but has not seen the same plans as Verizon.
On the other hand, companies like Google may start building mobile 5G networks.
Ultimately, fixed wireless technology is expanding mobile 5G services to buildings beyond the scope of visual connectivity or providing Internet access to homes and businesses.
What is the next step for 5G?
As many wireless carriers plan to offer 5G services in the coming year, the entire telecommunications industry is joining forces to take advantage of this shift to higher radio frequency.
Companies like Zayo are helping to lay the fiber needed to support 5G networks, while companies like Siklu offer fixed wireless antennas and small cell base stations.
5G device manufacturers also play a more important role in 5G applications: device manufacturers need to expand their coverage, and wireless networks require more and more compatible devices. As part of Verizon's 5G trial, Qualcomm recently tested its prototype equipment and the first 5G voice call was a success.
New technologies seem to affect the design of the device. Some prototypes are currently available, but it may take some time for manufacturers to integrate the new 5G antennas correctly and aesthetically into mobile devices.
However, as so many companies are committed to implementing this technology, consumers should be able to see 5G devices in 2019. Once the operator activates 5G in the least viable city, compatible phones will be available soon.
Although 5G services may be available in the coming year, 4G will still be the default service outside of some densely populated cities. The widespread use of 5G may take up to ten years, and the wider application of 5G in industry is expected to begin in the early 2020s.
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