According to recent reports from international media, researchers at Rice University have made a breakthrough in solving the long-standing issue of battery dendrites, which has been a major challenge for battery scientists. Their newly developed lithium-ion battery represents a significant advancement, marking it as the third generation of commercial lithium-ion technology.
The team at Rice designed a unique anode using a novel process that combines graphene and carbon nanotubes. This material, first introduced in 2012, forms a 3D carbon surface capable of holding large amounts of lithium. In theory, this structure maximizes lithium storage capacity, preventing the formation of harmful deposits like dendrites.
Dendrites—tiny lithium spikes—can grow within a battery and eventually pierce through the electrolyte. If they reach the opposite electrode, they can cause a short circuit, potentially leading to battery failure, overheating, or even fire and explosion. That’s why preventing their growth is crucial for safe and efficient battery performance.
James Tour, a chemist at Rice University and lead researcher on the project, explained that when the new battery charges, the lithium metal surface is coated with a highly conductive hybrid of carbon nanotubes and graphene. This material is tightly bonded to the surface, offering improved safety and energy density compared to traditional graphite anodes used in current lithium-ion batteries.
The new anode features a low-density, high-surface-area structure, allowing enough space for lithium ions to move freely during charging and discharging. This uniform distribution helps prevent the formation of dendrites by ensuring even lithium ion spreading.
Tour noted that while the battery’s performance is currently limited by its cathode, the anode’s lithium storage capacity has reached 3,351 mA/g, very close to its theoretical maximum—ten times higher than conventional lithium-ion batteries. The low density of the carbon nanotube structures allows for optimal space utilization, enhancing overall efficiency.
To test the anode, the Rice lab paired it with a sulfur-based cathode and electrolyte, creating a full battery system. After over 500 charge-discharge cycles, the sulfur cathode retained about 80% of its original capacity. Electron microscope images showed no signs of dendrites or other harmful deposits on the anode surface, which remained smooth throughout testing.
Interestingly, when viewed with the naked eye, nearly a quarter of the battery appeared dark, indicating that the lithium metal had been fully consumed and replaced by silver. This observation highlights the effectiveness of the anode in managing lithium deposition.
Tour emphasized that many researchers focus only on the anode, as studying the entire battery system is more complex. However, his team has developed a matching sulfur-based cathode technology to complement the ultra-high-capacity lithium metal anode. They are now working on scaling up production, manufacturing pilot batches of these advanced batteries for further testing and development.
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