1 Introduction
In the high-fidelity audio circuit, the tube amplifier has always been loved and concerned by the majority of audio lovers because of its unique charm and music listening. In recent years, high-fidelity headphones have been favored by more and more music lovers and audiophiles due to their convenience and relatively low price. In the high-fidelity earphone family, the impedance of the earphones is distributed from low resistance, medium resistance to high resistance: such as love technology's 271S rated impedance is 48Ω, Beyerdynamic's Dt48 rated impedance is 200Ω, Sennheiser HD580, HD600, HD650 The rated impedance is 300Ω. For earphones with high impedance, special matching circuits are usually needed to show their excellent performance. Compared with the speaker unit used for the sound box, the earphone has stricter requirements for its driving circuit performance index. Compared with the transistor, the static working point of the tube has a high voltage and a large internal resistance, which is more suitable for outputting a drive signal with a large swing and a small current. This feature makes the tube suitable for driving high-fidelity headphones with high quality requirements but low power requirements.
In the audio preamplifier, the ShuntRegulated Push-Pull (SRPP) circuit has the characteristics of high gain, low distortion, low output impedance, etc., and can obtain excellent sound quality performance, so it is widely used in audio circuits. This article designs a headphone amplifier circuit with a common cathode amplifier as the input stage and an SRPP amplifier circuit as the output stage. A micro-variable equivalent model is established for this circuit, a reasonable device is selected, and the corresponding parameters are controlled through theoretical calculations, so that the amplifier can better drive the headset to work.
2 Input level
The input stage uses a common-cathode amplifier circuit composed of an electron tube triode, and its circuit schematic is shown in Figure 1. The resistors RL1, Rk1 and Rg1 in the figure are connected to the anode, cathode and grid of the electron tube respectively, so that the electron tube establishes a stable working point, and at the same time has appropriate gain and appropriate local negative feedback. V1 can choose commonly used electronic transistors, such as single transistor ECC92, or one transistor in double transistor ECC82, 12AU7, 5814 and other models. The working principle is different from the bipolar transistor in the transistor, but it is similar to the field effect transistor. Voltage-type amplifier device, its main parameters are transconductance gm, internal resistance rp and amplification factor μ, and the three meet:
The micro-variable equivalent circuit of this circuit is shown in Figure 2, where the electron tube is regarded as a controlled voltage source. In the figure, the input voltage can be expressed as:
In formula (2), Ug1k1 is the voltage across the grid and cathode of the tube, and Uk1 is the voltage across the cathode resistance Rk1:
3 output stage
The output stage adopts SRPP circuit. The electron tube can choose the transistor with proper internal resistance, such as 6N6, E182CC, or the low-power pentode for power amplifier, such as 6P15, 6P14, EL42, EL91, EL84, EL86.
Generally, the internal resistance of the pentode is large, and the gain is high. In order to reduce the output impedance and gain, the pentode needs to be connected as a triode.
The output stage in the article uses low-power pentode as the amplifier device. When choosing other types of tubes, the parameters of the peripheral components and the supply voltage VCC2 need to be determined according to the parameters of the tube itself. In FIG. 3, Rsg1 and Rsg2 respectively connect the second grids and anodes of the pentodes V2 and V3, thus becoming a triode working mode. Rk2 and Rk3 are connected to the cathodes of V2 and V3, respectively, to provide proper grid negative pressure for the electron tube. RL2 represents the impedance of the load. When choosing different types of tubes, due to the difference in internal resistance and gain, there will be different sound performance when driving headphones, and the choice of tubes can usually be determined by subjective sound quality evaluation.
Fig. 4 is the slightly variable equivalent circuit of Fig. 3, where Ip is:
A voltage U′o2 is applied to the output, and the current looking inward from the output is recorded as I′o2, which can be calculated from equations (10) to (12):
The output impedance of the SRPP amplifier circuit can be calculated from equations (11) to (13):
As LCD display in YFJ company that we usually use it to military grade battery ,especially Lithium-ion batteries ,for these battery applications ,we have obvious advantage is that we focus more on shor circuit protection which we follow the US military standard.
Short circuit protection:The following test shall be performed. Charge batteriesas specified in ; use of 4.6.3 is permitted. Measure and record the OCV. Short each battery across all the positive and negative terminals with a total external resistance not greater than 50 milliohms. After one hour remove the short from across the terminals. Measure and record the OCV. Stabilize batteries at the normal conditions of 4.3.1 for not less than 2 hours. Chargebatteries in accordance with 4.6; use of 4.6.3 is permitted. Stabilize batteries at normal conditions for not less than 2 hours, then discharge the battery in accordance with 4.7.2.3. The battery shall meet the requirements of 3.7.2.3.
Li-Ion Battery With Lcd Display
Charge voltage: 16.8V
Nominal voltage : 14.8V (4S7P)
Initial impedance : 120mΩ
Nominal capacity: 19.6Ah
Minimum capacity: 19.4Ah
Communication methods : SMBUS data communication
Electricity quantity show: LCD Electricity quantity show
Charge current: Standard Charging::0.2C5A (3.9A)
Rapid charge: 0.5C5A C(9.8A) Max
Standard Charging method : 3.9A(0.2C5A) CC(constant current)charge to 16.8V,then CV(constant voltage 16.8V)charge till charge current decline to ≤196mA(≈0.01C5A)
Charging time:Standard Charging: 6.5hours(Ref.)
Rapid charge: 3.5 hours(Ref.)
Max.discharge current: 9.8A(0.5C5A)
Discharge cut-off voltage: 10.0V
Cycle life (0.2C5A/0.2C5A) : 500 items,≧80%DOD; 300 times,≧80%DOD
Operating temperature : Charging: 0℃~45℃
Discharging:-20℃~+60℃
Li-ion Battery With LCD Display
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