Automotive antifreeze is a crucial component in vehicle cooling systems, with water historically serving as the primary coolant. While water is abundant, non-toxic, and cost-effective, it has several limitations that make it unsuitable for all conditions. Its high freezing point—0°C—can cause expansion and damage to radiators or cooling system hoses when temperatures drop below freezing. Additionally, water has a low boiling point, which can lead to overheating and engine failure under extreme summer conditions. The presence of dissolved minerals can also lead to scale buildup, reducing heat transfer efficiency, while water's corrosive nature can rust metal components over time.
To address these issues, various alternatives have been explored over the years. Aqueous salt solutions like calcium chloride or sodium nitrite can lower the freezing point significantly but often fail to prevent corrosion. Sugars and honey are less corrosive but expensive and unstable at high temperatures. Kerosene and diesel offer better freezing resistance but lack good heat transfer properties and may damage rubber seals. Methanol and ethanol were used during and after World War II due to their low cost and freezing points, but they are volatile, flammable, and not ideal for long-term use.
Eventually, ethylene glycol emerged as a superior solution. When mixed with water at the right ratio, it can lower the freezing point to as low as -60°C and raise the boiling point above 110°C. It is non-corrosive when treated with inhibitors, safe for rubber components, and relatively inexpensive. These advantages have made ethylene glycol-based antifreeze the standard in modern automotive cooling systems.
However, it’s important to note that the freezing point of ethylene glycol solutions depends on its concentration. Below 60% concentration, the freezing point decreases as the concentration increases. But once the concentration exceeds 60%, the freezing point starts to rise again, along with increased viscosity. At 99.9% concentration, the freezing point only reaches -13.2°C, which is why concentrated antifreeze should never be used directly without proper dilution.
To ensure the correct mixture, tools like the ATAGO Ethylene Glycol Refractometer CM-800α-EG are widely used. This optical device measures both the concentration of ethylene glycol and the freezing point by analyzing the refractive index of the coolant. Simply placing a sample on the prism allows for quick and accurate readings on the display. This tool is essential for maintaining compliance with industry standards such as SH/T 0521-1999 and GB 29743-2013, which outline specifications for automotive coolants. Many car manufacturers, including Honda, also have their own coolant requirements tailored to their specific engine designs.
Pen Style E-Cigarette
Vape pens, which are sometimes called e-cigarettes, can seem difficult to understand. There are so many different terms, models and accessories that beginners may not be clear where they need to start.
In simple terms, a vape pen is an electronic device that heats a liquid containing flavouring and nicotine, amongst other ingredients. The resulting vapour is then inhaled by the vaper, and it's through the vapour that the vaper gets the nicotine they want. Unlike traditional cigarettes, no tobacco is burned.
Compact & convenient: Vape pen is a pocket-friendly device that is compact and easier to carry. The Vape pen Disposables offers puffs and is powered by 850mAh built-in battery, and the eliquid pre-filled pod with tasty e-liquid can last for multiple extended vaping sessions. Vape pen vapes are very sleeky, lightweight, and fit in your pocket like a pen.
Delicious nicotine rush: Vape pen comes in 34 versatile flavors, and the varieties can satisfy everyone with an urge for tasty vaping sessions. Besides, Vape pen produces a relatively decent amount of clouds, and the same can help you forget cigarettes altogether. Again, nicotine salts offers the most intense nicotine rush to keep you satisfied.
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