One of the most popular new sensors: the single-chip radar system-on-chip (SoC), whose widespread adoption in the car has significantly increased sales, thereby driving down prices. These sophisticated IC devices are critical to automotive manufacturers and are equally attractive for other applications. In automotive applications, while IC devices will continue to dominate, designers are exploring a range of new uses to improve safety and convenience.
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Radar IC
Who can think of a single-chip radar? Although many manufacturers have now designed and manufactured many forms of single-chip radar. Most countries have developed chips in the 24 GHz, 76-81 GHz, and 94 GHz bands. Although continuous-wave (CW) and pulse types are available, most countries around the world use the 77-MHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) scheme. Some of these devices are made of germanium silicon (hereinafter referred to as SiGe), but the latest version consists of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (hereinafter referred to as CMOS) or a bipolar complementary metal oxide semiconductor (hereinafter referred to as BiCMOS). Complete modules for automotive or other industries are available from a number of companies. The unique features of single-chip radar make it an attractive alternative to other sensors in some new applications.
As an on-chip radar system, most engineers tend to classify devices based on their original use. However, it is best to treat a single-chip radar as another type of sensor. Therefore, when looking for a device that can approach the detection object, motion sensing, or physical measurement, the millimeter wave radar was accidentally elected.
Figure 1 The chirped continuous wave chirp signal is usually used in the 76~81GHz band.
Radar is mainly used to measure distance, direction (angle) and speed. For example, the police use radar speed measurement, and the baseball stadium uses a speed gun (radar gun) to test the speed of the baseball. The transmitter (Tx) in the chip transmits a signal that is then reflected back from the remote object and returned to the receiver at the transmitting end. The transmitter signal increases linearly in a short period of time and is called chirp (see Figure 1). The chirp is repeated in the desired mode.
Figure 2 shows the radar transceiver. The frequency of the return signal generates a different intermediate frequency (IF) in the mixture of the receiver (Rx) and the transmit frequency. The IF is digitized and used to determine movement and speed. A signal processing circuit on the chip measures the transmission time and calculates the distance based on the known radio wave speed. Due to the high directivity of the antenna, the position (azimuth) can be detected. FM radar can also measure motion and speed. The on-chip processor is responsible for calculations to provide accurate measurement data, flexible and programmable sensors for a variety of unique applications.
Figure 2 Schematic diagram of a single-chip radar transceiver
Radar sensor application
To date, the largest field of application for single-chip radars is automotive safety. Radar is at the heart of most advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Adaptive cruise control, automatic braking, trunk object detection, blind spot detection, lane change assistance, and vehicle warning systems all use radar technology. The goal is to reduce driver turnover, thereby reducing the number of accidents and the number of casualties. So far, the above goals are being achieved. In fact, these new subsystems are very effective, so the government is forcing all cars to install advanced driver assistance systems.
Moreover, radar is critical to the success of driverless cars. They assist cameras, lidars (LiDAR) and ultrasonic sensors in advanced driver assistance systems to detect surrounding objects and generate composite views around the vehicle. Radar is especially useful in inclement weather conditions, even in fog, snow, rain and dark environments, without affecting the camera and lidar sensors. The processor receives the sensor input and then performs an artificial intelligence algorithm to make all driving decisions.
What else can a millimeter wave sensor do? One example is the level sensor in the tank. Many industrial, process control, and public service applications require some form of level measurement.
Another interesting use is lighting control. The radar sensor detects a person or move, turns on the light when there is a person or an object, and turns off the light when there is nothing left. The use of air conditioning systems (HVAC) can also benefit from this approach. There is no doubt that this way of sensing the human body can save a lot of energy in buildings, parking lots and selected streets.
Radar can also enter the field of robots and drones. Some manufacturing robots need to determine range, speed, and motion to achieve intelligent timing and robotic arm positioning in industrial automation plants and other applications. Military reconnaissance and weapon robots will likely turn from imagination to reality. In addition, radar can make drones safer and prevent impacts while helping to measure distance and altitude.
Security systems can also benefit from the fact that radar can detect distant movements and provide object detection in inclement weather, and cameras or infrared sensors may be affected under the same weather conditions. Responsibly, radar will eventually be used in motorcycles and bicycles. The application of automatic doors or garage doors is also very likely. Once you've gone beyond the established vision of radar use, as well as technical and price barriers, you'll find them very versatile.
Smart millimeter wave radar creates a safer and more efficient city
One of the excellent applications of millimeter wave radar sensors is traffic monitoring and control. Many medium-sized cities and large cities suffer from traffic jams, which not only wastes time and fuel, but also increases environmental pollution. The solution to this problem is better time and sequence control of traffic lights at intersections and major highways. This requires fine-grained sensing of the vehicle to determine its position, speed, steering intent and direction. With this information, the time of traffic lights can be adjusted to make traffic movement faster and more efficient.
The inherent characteristics of the millimeter wave radar sensor make it an ideal detector for transportation systems. With frequency modulated continuous wave radar, the mileage, speed and angle (direction) of the vehicle can be easily determined. Strategic placement of radar sensors in overhead masts, markers, or other structures can identify a single vehicle body and its motion. The narrow field of view provided by the phased array antenna allows the traffic system to monitor a single lane (Figure 3).
Figure 3 The radar has a narrow field of view above the intersection stop line, which is sufficient to calculate the number of cars in each lane and determine its speed.
Other benefits of the sensor include long-range detection up to 250 meters or short range detection as low as 5 centimeters or less. As mentioned earlier, unlike camera sensors, radar sensors are suitable for almost all environmental conditions. With the right amount of computing power, they can count cars and determine their mileage, up to 300 km/h (187.5 mph). The deployment of the radar sensor does not need to dig the ground, just need to embed the induction coil at the intersection.
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