In 2007, China went through a massive and unprecedented "satellite adjustment" campaign. During this process, many local areas cultivated a number of "semi-transited stars." In the years that followed, people often asked questions like, "Where is a particular satellite, and why can't I find its signal even after turning 360 degrees?" To help beginners understand more easily, this article avoids complex mathematical formulas and unrealistic tools like protractors. Instead, it uses a compass to quickly determine the general direction of a satellite antenna in a simple and straightforward way.
The position of a satellite relative to Earth is crucial for understanding how to align an antenna. Satellites are positioned above the equator, approximately 36,000 kilometers from Earth’s surface. They remain stationary relative to a fixed point on Earth because their orbital speed matches the Earth's rotation. This type of satellite is known as a geosynchronous or geostationary satellite. The satellite’s longitude refers to the specific degree of the Earth's meridian directly beneath it—essentially, it is located above the intersection of the equator and the satellite’s longitude.
When setting up a satellite receiving antenna, one of the first things to consider is the direction: north or south. Since China lies in the northern hemisphere, all geostationary satellites appear to be in the southern sky. Therefore, the antenna should always be pointed toward the south.
Next, determining the east-west orientation is equally important. The Earth is divided into 360 degrees along the meridians, with each degree representing 1/360th of the globe. China is located in the eastern hemisphere, and its longitudes range from 0° to 180° east. The key rule is: if the satellite’s longitude matches your location’s longitude, the antenna should face directly south. If the satellite’s longitude is higher than your location’s, the antenna should be angled eastward. Conversely, if the satellite’s longitude is lower, the antenna should be aimed westward. For example, if your location is at 103°E and you’re trying to receive a signal from a satellite at 92.2°E, the antenna should be turned west. If the satellite is at 115.5°E, then the antenna should be adjusted east.
Finally, the elevation angle also plays a role. When the satellite’s longitude matches your location’s, the elevation angle is at its maximum. As the difference between the two longitudes increases, the elevation angle decreases, regardless of whether the satellite is to the east or west. Using these methods, you can roughly determine the direction of the antenna. Once the receiver settings are correct, fine-tuning the antenna will usually allow you to successfully receive satellite TV signals.
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