The term "robot" in English comes from the Czech word robota, which is often translated as "compulsory laborer". It is very appropriate to use it to describe most robots. Most of the robots in the world are used for heavy repetitive manufacturing work. They are responsible for tasks that are very difficult, dangerous or boring for humans.
The most common manufacturing robot is the robot arm.A typical robotic arm consists of seven metal parts that are joined by six joints. The computer will rotate a stepper motor that is connected to each joint to control the robot (some large robotic arms use hydraulic or pneumatic systems).
Unlike conventional motors, stepper motors move precisely in incremental terms. This allows the computer to move the robot arm precisely so that the robot arm repeats exactly the same motion. The robot uses motion sensors to ensure that you move exactly the right amount.
This industrial robot with six joints is very similar to the human arm and has the equivalent of the shoulders, elbows and wrists. Its "shoulders" are usually mounted on a fixed base structure (rather than a moving body). This type of robot has six degrees of freedom, that is, it can rotate in six different directions. In contrast, a person's arm has seven degrees of freedom.
Joint of a six-axis industrial robotThe role of the human arm is to move the hand to a different position. Similarly, the role of the robotic arm is to move the end effector. You can install a variety of end effectors for your specific application on the robot arm. There is a common end effector that can grip and move different items, which is a simplified version of the human hand.
Robots often have built-in pressure sensors that tell the computer the strength of the robot as it grips a particular object. This keeps objects in the robot's hands from falling or being crushed. Other end effectors include blowtorches, drill bits and paint sprayers.
Industrial robots are designed to perform the exact same work repeatedly in a controlled environment. For example, a robot may be responsible for screwing the peanut butter cans that are delivered on the assembly line. To teach robots how to do this, the programmer uses a handheld controller to guide the robot arm through the entire set of actions. The robot accurately stores the sequence of motions in memory, and it will do this repeatedly each time a new canister is delivered over the assembly line.
Most industrial robots work on the assembly line of cars and are responsible for assembling cars. Robots are much more efficient than humans when doing a lot of this type of work because they are very accurate. No matter how many hours they have been working, they can still drill in the same position and screw them with the same force. Manufacturing robots also play an important role in the computer industry. They are extremely precise and can be used to assemble a tiny microchip.
Robot arms are relatively difficult to manufacture and program because they work only in a limited area. If you want to send robots to the vast outside world, things get a bit more complicated.
The first challenge is to provide a viable motion system for the robot. If the robot only needs to move on a flat surface, wheels or tracks are often the best choice. If the wheels and tracks are wide enough, they are also suitable for more rugged terrain. But robot designers often want to use leg structures because they are more adaptable. The creation of legged robots also helps researchers understand the knowledge of natural kinematics, which is a useful practice in the field of biological research.
The legs of the robot are usually moved back and forth under the drive of a hydraulic or pneumatic piston. Each piston is attached to a different leg component, like the muscles attached to different bones. This is undoubtedly a problem for all of these pistons to work together in the right way. In the infant phase, the human brain must figure out which muscles need to contract at the same time so that they do not fall when walking upright. In the same way, the designer of the robot must figure out the correct combination of piston movements associated with walking and incorporate this information into the robot's computer. Many mobile robots have a built-in balancing system (such as a set of gyroscopes) that tells the computer when it needs to correct the robot's movements.
Boston Power's latest upgraded Atlas humanoid robotThe motion of bipedal walking is inherently unstable, so it is extremely difficult to implement in the manufacture of robots. In order to design a more stable walking robot, designers often turn their eyes to the animal world, especially insects. Insects have six legs, and they tend to have extraordinary balance and can adapt to many different terrains.
Some mobile robots are remotely controlled, and humans can direct them to perform specific tasks at specific times. The remote control can communicate with the robot using a cable, radio or infrared signal. Remote robots, often referred to as scorpion robots, are useful for exploring environments that are dangerous or inaccessible to humans, such as deep seas or volcanoes. Some robots are only partially remotely controlled. For example, an operator might instruct the robot to arrive at a particular location, but would not guide the route, but let it find its way.
NASA develops remotely controlled space robot R2Automated robots can act autonomously without relying on any control personnel. The basic principle is to program the robot so that it can react to external stimuli in some way. The extremely simple collision response robot is a good illustration of this principle.
This robot has a collision sensor for checking obstacles. When you start the robot, it roughly travels in a straight line. When it hits an obstacle, the impact force acts on its impact sensor. Each time a collision occurs, the robot's program will instruct it to retreat, then turn right, and then move on. According to this method, the robot changes its direction as long as it encounters an obstacle.
Advanced robots use this principle in a more sophisticated way. Robotics experts will develop new programs and sensing systems to create more intelligent and sensible robots. Today's robots can be used in a variety of environments.
Simpler mobile robots use infrared or ultrasonic sensors to sense obstacles. These sensors work in a similar way to an animal's echolocation system: the robot emits an acoustic signal (or a beam of infrared light) and detects the reflection of the signal. The robot calculates the distance between it and the obstacle based on the time it takes for the signal to reflect.
Higher-level robots use stereo vision to observe the world around them. Two cameras provide depth perception for the robot, while image recognition software gives the robot the ability to determine the position of the object and identify the various objects. The robot can also use a microphone and odor sensor to analyze the surrounding environment.
Some automated robots can only work in the limited environment they are familiar with. For example, mowing robots rely on landmarks buried underground to determine the extent of the pasture. The robot used to clean the office requires a map of the building to move between different locations.
Higher-level robots can analyze and adapt to unfamiliar environments and even adapt to rugged terrain. These robots can associate specific terrain patterns with specific actions. For example, a rover robot uses its vision sensor to generate a map of the front ground. If the map shows a bumpy terrain pattern, the robot will know that it should take another route. This system is very useful for exploration robots that work on other planets.
There is an alternative robot design that uses a looser structure and introduces randomization factors. When the robot is stuck, it moves the appendage in all directions until its action produces an effect. It works closely with the force sensor and the transmission to get the job done, rather than being guided by the computer through the program. This is similar to the way ants try to get around obstacles: ants don't seem to be decisive when they need to pass obstacles, but try to keep trying until they get around obstacles.
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