**Introduction to Embedded Processors**
An embedded processor is the core component of an embedded system, acting as the hardware unit responsible for controlling and managing the operation of the system. The range of embedded processors spans from early 4-bit processors and 8-bit microcontrollers still in use today, to modern 32-bit and 64-bit embedded CPUs that are widely adopted. Since the introduction of microprocessors, the field of embedded systems has experienced rapid growth, making embedded processors a critical element in determining the overall performance of such systems.
Embedded processors are often used as the central computing and control unit within embedded systems. With over 1000 different types of embedded processors available globally, popular architectures include various series like MCUs (Microcontroller Units) and MPUs (Microprocessor Units). As the demand for embedded systems continues to grow, semiconductor manufacturers have mass-produced these components, and many companies are now developing their own custom processors. From microcontrollers to DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) and FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays), the variety is vast, with increasing speed, performance, and decreasing costs. These processors can support memory spaces ranging from 64KB to 16MB, with processing speeds reaching up to 2000 MIPS, and package sizes varying from 8 pins to 144 pins.
**Characteristics of Embedded Processors**
While the basic principles of embedded processors are similar to those of desktop computers, they are designed for greater stability, lower power consumption, and better environmental adaptability—such as resistance to temperature, humidity, electromagnetic interference, and vibration. They are also smaller in size and more integrated in functionality. In desktop computing, performance is the main concern, but in embedded systems, the selection of a processor involves trade-offs between performance, power consumption, functionality, size, cost, and other factors based on specific design requirements.
Embedded processors play a vital role in making devices intelligent, flexible, and user-friendly. To perform tasks efficiently, they typically offer strong real-time multitasking support, memory protection, scalable architecture, robust interrupt handling, and low power consumption.
The four key features of embedded microprocessors include:
1. Strong support for real-time multitasking with fast interrupt response times.
2. Powerful memory protection to prevent software module conflicts and aid in diagnostics.
3. Scalable architecture that allows for high-performance implementations tailored to application needs.
4. Low power consumption, especially important for battery-powered devices such as mobile phones and wearable technology.
**Classification of Embedded Processors**
1. **Microprocessor (MPU)**
An MPU evolved from general-purpose computer CPUs and is characterized by its high performance, usually with more than 32 bits. While it offers powerful capabilities, it is optimized for embedded applications by removing unnecessary functions, resulting in lower power consumption and resource usage. Examples include the Am186/88, 386EX, PowerPC, and ARM/StrongARM series.
2. **Microcontroller (MCU)**
A typical example is the single-chip microcomputer. Despite being around since the late 1970s, 8-bit MCUs remain widely used due to their low cost, small size, and reliability. They integrate essential peripherals like timers, I/O, and ADCs, making them ideal for control-oriented applications. MCUs account for about 70% of the embedded market, with popular families including 8051, MCS-251, and Atmel’s AVR.
3. **DSP Processor**
Designed specifically for signal processing, DSPs are optimized for high-speed computation, making them ideal for applications like filtering, FFT, and speech processing. They use specialized architectures, such as the modified Harvard architecture, to enable parallel operations and faster execution. TI’s TMS320C2000/C5000 series is one of the most widely used.
4. **System-on-Chip (SoC)**
SoCs integrate both hardware and software into a single chip, offering high levels of integration and efficiency. They allow for complex systems to be implemented without the need for large, traditional boards. Examples include Philips’ Smart XA, Siemens’ TriCore, and ARM-based SoCs.
**Embedded Processor Summary (Common Types)**
**(1) Embedded ARM Microprocessor**
ARM (Advanced RISC Machines) is a leading RISC-based architecture known for its efficiency and low power consumption. It is widely used in mobile devices, consumer electronics, and industrial control systems. ARM processors support both 16-bit (Thumb) and 32-bit (ARM) instruction sets, enabling compatibility with older devices while maintaining high performance. ARM cores like ARM9 are commonly found in smartphones, digital cameras, and GPS devices.
**(2) Embedded MIPS Processor**
MIPS is another popular RISC architecture, known for its simplicity and scalability. It is used in high-performance workstations, game consoles, and embedded systems. Its instruction set has evolved from MIPSI to MIPSV, with the embedded version supporting a wide range of applications, including routers and printers.
**(3) PowerPC**
Developed by IBM, Apple, and Motorola, PowerPC is a 64-bit architecture known for its flexibility and scalability. Although not as widespread as ARM or MIPS, it is used in communication systems and embedded applications where high performance is required.
**(4) Embedded X86 Processor**
X86 is a family of processors developed by Intel, known for its backward compatibility and widespread use in desktops and servers. Embedded X86 processors offer higher performance than ARM or MIPS but consume more power, making them unsuitable for battery-operated devices. They are more commonly used in network terminals, thin clients, and home electronics.
**(5) Embedded DSP Processor**
DSP processors are designed for high-speed signal processing tasks, such as audio and video compression. They use specialized architectures like the modified Harvard structure to enable parallel operations and fast execution. They are widely used in telecommunications, consumer electronics, and medical devices.
In conclusion, embedded processors form the backbone of modern embedded systems, driving innovation across industries. Whether it's through ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, X86, or DSP architectures, each type serves unique purposes and continues to evolve to meet the demands of increasingly complex applications.
Remote Controlled Sockets
REMOTE CONTROL SOCKET
Important Safeguards
When using any electrical appliance, in order to reduce the risk of fire, electric shock and/or injury to persons, basic safety precautions should always be follow8d. including:
• The appliance is for household and indoor use only.
• Before plugging in. check that the voitage on the rating label is the same as the mains supply.
• To protect against electric shock, do not immerse any part of the product in water or other liquid.
• This socket is intended for use by competent adults only and children should be supervised at all times.
• Do not use the socket for other than its intended use.
• This socket can be used by children aged from 8 years arxl above and persons with reduced physical, sensory or mental capabilities or lack of experience and knowledge if they have been given supervision or instruction concerning use of the appliance in a safe way and understand the hazards involved. Children shall not p<ay with the appliance Cleaning and user maintenance shall M be made by children without supervision.
• Children of less than 3 years should be kept away unless continuously supervised.
Children from 3 years and less than 8 years shall only switch on/off the appliance provided that it has been placed or installed in its intended normal operating position and they have been supervision or instruction concerning use of the appliance in a safe way and understand the hazards involved. Children aged from 3 years and less than 8 years shall not plug in. regulate and clean the appliance or perform user maintenance.
• Don't use this socket in the immediate surroundings of a bath, a shower or a swimming pool.
• In case of malfunction, do not try to repair the socket yourself, it may result in a fire hazard or electric shock
Do Not Exceed Maximum a680W
Place the LR44 batteries provided into the compartment in the back of the Remote Control, please insert as sho*/m in the back of the compartment to ensure the polarity is correct.
Programming Instructions
• Plug the Remoce Socket$($)lnto the wall socket(s) and switch on the mams supply, the red LED will flash every second.
• If the LED is not flashing press & hold the manual ON/OFF button for 5 seconds until it Hashes
•Press any ON switch on the Remote Control for approximately 2 seconds and the Remote Socket(s) learn the code. The LED will stop flashing top confirm the codehas been accepted.
• Any number of Remote Sockets can be programmed to one Remote Control ON button to create multiple switching.
• To programme o<her Remote Sockets on different Remote Control ON buttons repeat the prevous steps
• If the mains supply is turned off the Remote Sockets v/ill lose their code and it wil be necessary to re-pcogramme.
Operation:
• Plug your appliance(s) into the Remote Socket(s)
• Press the programmed ON or OFF button on the Remote Control to control the Remote Socket.
♦ The Remote Sockets can also be operated manually using its ON/OFF Button Trouble shooting
If a Remote Socket does not react to the Remote Control please check the followng:
♦ Low battery in tbo Remote Control
• Distance too large between the remote control and the recerver (ensure the range distance is no more than 20 clear Metres) and free from obstacle that may reduce the distance.
• If programming has not been successful, tum the power off and back on then follow the programming steps above.
How to decode
• Press the manual ONX)FF button for 5 seconds until the red LED flashes once per
second to confirm de-coding is successful
♦ Press the ALL OFF switch on the Remote Control for more than 3 seconds, the LED
flashes once per second to confirm (decoding successful.
Voltage: 240V-/50HZ
Max power rating: 3680W max.
Remote frequency:
Remote range:
Battery Type:
433.92MHz
230 Metres
Button Cell 2x1.5V LR44 =
Please check with your local waste management service authority regarding regulations for the safe disposal of the batteries. The batteries should never be placed G municipal waste.
Use a battery d^posal facility if available
M
For eioctncal products sold within the European Community. At the end of the electrical products useful life, it should not be disposed of wth household waste. Please recycle faaMies exist. Check with your Local Authonty or retailer for recycling advice.
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Remote Control Plug Socket,Remote Controlled Mains Outlet,Remote Control Plug Adapters,Remote Control Sockets,Remote & Smart Controlled Sockets,Electric Sockets Plus Remote Control
NINGBO COWELL ELECTRONICS & TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD , https://www.cowellsockets.com