**Introduction to Embedded Processors**
An embedded processor is the core component of an embedded system, acting as the hardware unit responsible for controlling and managing system operations. The range of embedded processors is vast, from early 4-bit processors and widely used 8-bit microcontrollers to modern 32-bit and 64-bit embedded CPUs that are increasingly popular in today's applications.
Since the development of microprocessors, embedded systems have evolved rapidly. As a result, embedded processors have become the central element of these systems. They directly influence the performance of the entire system and are often considered the general term for computing and control units within embedded environments.
There are over 1,000 embedded processors available worldwide, with more than 30 different architectures such as MCUs (Microcontroller Units) and MPUs (Microprocessor Units). With the growing demand for embedded systems, many semiconductor companies now mass-produce these processors. In the future, self-designed processors by companies will likely dominate the field, ranging from microcontrollers to DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) and FPGAs. These processors come in various forms, with increasing speed, better performance, and lower costs. Their addressing space can vary from 64KB to 16MB, and their processing speeds can reach up to 2000 MIPS. They also come in packages ranging from 8 pins to 144 pins.
**Characteristics of Embedded Processors**
Although embedded processors share similar principles with desktop processors, they are designed for greater stability, lower power consumption, and stronger environmental adaptability—such as resistance to temperature, humidity, electromagnetic interference, and vibration. They are smaller in size and integrate more functions. In desktop computing, the main factor for comparison is processing speed, but in the embedded world, the selection involves trade-offs between performance, power, functionality, size, cost, and other factors depending on the design requirements.
Embedded processors are crucial for control and system operation, making devices more intelligent and user-friendly. To perform efficiently, they typically feature strong real-time multitasking support, memory protection, scalable architecture, robust interrupt handling, and low power consumption.
The four key features of embedded processors include:
1. Strong real-time multitasking support with short interrupt response times.
2. Powerful memory protection to prevent software module conflicts.
3. Scalable architecture to meet high-performance demands.
4. Low power consumption, especially for battery-powered devices.
**Classification of Embedded Processors**
**1. Microprocessor (MPU)**
MPUs are derived from general-purpose computer CPUs, offering high performance with more than 32 bits. However, in embedded systems, only essential functions are retained to reduce power and resource usage. Compared to industrial control computers, MPUs are smaller, lighter, cheaper, and more reliable. Examples include the Am186/88, 386EX, PowerPC, and ARM series.
**2. Microcontroller (MCU)**
MCUs, such as single-chip microcomputers, are widely used in 8-bit applications. They integrate memory, I/O, timers, and other peripherals into a single chip, making them ideal for control tasks. MCUs are known for their low cost, small size, and high reliability. They account for about 70% of the embedded market. Popular models include the 8051, MCS-96, and Atmel’s AVR series.
**3. Digital Signal Processor (DSP)**
DSPs are specialized for signal processing tasks, such as filtering and FFT. They offer faster execution speeds and optimized architectures for real-time processing. They are widely used in communication, audio, and image processing. TI’s TMS320 series is among the most popular.
**4. System on Chip (SoC)**
SoCs integrate both hardware and software into a single chip, reducing system complexity and improving efficiency. They are commonly used in consumer electronics, mobile devices, and networking equipment. Examples include Philips’ Smart XA and ARM-based SoCs.
**Summary of Common Embedded Processors**
**(1) Embedded ARM Microprocessor**
ARM processors are based on RISC architecture, known for low power consumption, high performance, and wide application in mobile and embedded devices. They are used in smartphones, set-top boxes, digital cameras, and more. ARM technology dominates the 32-bit RISC market, with over 75% of the market share.
**(2) Embedded MIPS Processor**
MIPS processors are another RISC-based architecture, used in high-performance workstations and embedded systems like game consoles and routers. They are known for their scalability and efficient instruction sets.
**(3) PowerPC**
Developed by IBM, Apple, and Motorola, PowerPC is used in communication and control systems. It offers scalability and flexibility, though its market share is limited compared to ARM and MIPS.
**(4) Embedded X86 Processor**
X86 processors are common in desktops and servers, offering high performance but higher power consumption. They are used in network terminals, thin clients, and home electronics where PC compatibility is needed.
**(5) Embedded DSP Processor**
DSPs are designed for high-speed signal processing, used in communications, audio, and video applications. They support pipeline operations and special addressing modes for faster computation.
In conclusion, embedded processors play a vital role in shaping the performance and functionality of modern electronic devices. Whether it’s an ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, X86, or DSP, each has unique strengths that make it suitable for specific applications. As technology continues to evolve, the embedded processor landscape will keep expanding, driving innovation across industries.
Digital Timer Switch Socket
Instruction Manual
1. Features
Clock display, 10 sets of adjustable timed power control, randomized power control, manual switch and optional DST setup.
2. First time charging
This timer contains a rechargeable battery. It is normal that the new/old model runs out of battery if it wasn`t being charged for a long period of time. In this case, the screen will not turn on.
To charge : simply plug the timer to a power outlet. The charging time should take at least 15 minutes.
If the screen doesn`t light up or displays garbled characters, simply reboot the system by pressing the [RESET" button.
3. Set clock
Hold [CLOCK" button and [WEEK" button to adjust week.
Hold [CLOCK" button and [HOUR" button to adjust hour.
Hold [CLOCK" button and [MINUTE" button to adjust minute.
Hold [CLOCK" button and [TIMER" button to select 12 hour/24 hour display.
Hold [CLOCK" button and [ON/AUTO/OFF" button to enable/disable DST (daylight-saving-time).
4. Set timer
Press [TIMER" button, select and set timer. Setting rotation : 1on, 1off, 2on, 2off, ...... , 10on, 10off.
Press [HOUR" button to set hour for timer.
Press [MIN" button to set minute for timer.
Press [WEEK" button to set weekday for timer. Multiple weekdays can be selected. ex: if selected [MO", the timer will only apply on every Monday; if selected [ MO, WE, FR", the timer will apply on every Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
Press [RES/RCL" button to cancel the selected on or off timer. The screen will show "-- -- : -- --" , the timer is canceled.
Press [RES/RCL" button again to reactivate the timer.
When timers are set, press [CLOCK" to quit timer setting and return to clock.
5. Random function
Press [RANDOM" button to activate random function, press again to cancel function.
System only runs random function when [AUTO" is on.
Random function will automatically start the timer from 2 to 32 minutes after the setting.
ex : if timer 1on was set to 19:30 with the random function on, the timer will activate randomly between 19:33 to 20:03.
if timer 1off was set to 23:00 with the random function on, the timer will activate randomly between 23:02 to 23:32.
To avoid overlapping, make sure to leave a minimum of 31 minutes gap between different sets of timer.
6. Manual control
Displayed features:
ON : socket turns on.
OFF : socket turns off.
AUTO : socket turns on/off automatically via timer.
Manual ON setting
Press [ON/AUTO/OFF" button to switch from [AUTO" to [ON".
This mode allows socket of the device to power up. Power indicator will light up.
Manual OFF setting
Press [ON/AUTO/OFF" button to switch from [AUTO" to [OFF".
This mode turns socket of the device off. Power indicators will turn off.
7. Electrical parameters
Operating voltage : 230VAC
Battery : NiMh 1.2V
Power consumption : < 0.9W
Response time : 1 minute
Power output : 230VAC/16A/3680W
Q&A
Q: Why won`t my timer turn on?
A: It`s out of battery, you can charge the timer by plugging onto any power outlet. Charge the device for at least 15 minutes. Then press [RESET " button to reset the device.
Q: Can I set seconds of the timer?
A: No, the smallest time unit is minute.
Q: Does my timer keeps old settings without being plugged onto a power outlet?
A: Yes, the timer has an internal battery, it allows the timer to save settings without a power outlet.
Q: Is the battery rechargeable?
A: Yes, the battery is rechargeable. We recommend to charge it for 4 hours so the battery is fully charged.
Q: Does the timer needs internet connection?
A: The timer does not need internet.
Q: Does the screen have back light function?
A: It doesn`t support back light.
Digital Timer Socket, Timing Switch Socket, Electronic Timer Socket, Timer Socket
NINGBO COWELL ELECTRONICS & TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD , https://www.cowellsockets.com